Mental Health and Climate Change: The Role of Adaptive Eco-Anxiety

Abstract

This systematic review examines eco-anxiety, defined as concern and fear regarding environmental problems, and its complex relationship with pro-environmental behaviors and mental health, encompassing both adaptive and maladaptive effects. In its adaptive dimension, eco-anxiety acts as a motivator for action. Higher levels of this concern have been shown to be associated with greater behavioral engagement over time, driving individuals to adopt habits such as recycling, eco-friendly purchasing, and carbon footprint reduction. Adopting these pro-environmental behaviors is not only beneficial for the environment but can also enhance mental well-being by providing a sense of purpose and agency. However, eco-anxiety also negatively impacts mental health, being linked to increased symptoms of depression and anxiety. In severe cases, it can lead to "eco-paralysis" or functional impairment, where individuals feel overwhelmed and unable to act. This relationship is mediated and moderated by several factors. Different dimensions of eco-anxiety relate differently to outcomes; for instance, anxiety over personal impact may increase pro-environmental behavior, whereas affective symptoms are associated with lower life satisfaction. Furthermore, mindfulness can moderate this relationship, fostering action even in the presence of severe anxiety. In conclusion, eco-anxiety is a dual-impact phenomenon that can serve as a powerful driver for constructive environmental action, requiring an interdisciplinary approach to mitigate associated mental health risks.